COPD and Emphysema: Symptoms, Treatment and Support

Symptoms can include increasing breathlessness during activity, a persistent cough with mucus, wheezing and repeated chest infections. Arrange a GP appointment for ongoing symptoms; do not assume they are simply ageing or a smoker’s cough. Breathlessness has several possible causes, so do not diagnose yourself.

Smoking is the main cause, but COPD also affects some people who have never smoked. Long-term exposure to harmful dust or fumes and, less commonly, an inherited condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can contribute. Support should be respectful and without blame.

A GP will ask about symptoms and smoking or exposure history and may arrange spirometry, a breathing test. Other tests may include blood tests, a chest X-ray or further investigations. Tests help distinguish COPD from other causes of breathing problems.

Treatment is tailored to the individual. Inhalers can open the airways; some people need other medicines. Ask a nurse, pharmacist or doctor to check inhaler technique. Pulmonary rehabilitation combines suitable exercise, education and support. Oxygen is only appropriate for some people following clinical assessment; do not buy or change oxygen treatment yourself. Specialist procedures are options for a small number of people. Follow your prescription and do not change doses using this page.

Ask your respiratory team about managing breathlessness, pacing activities and appropriate exercise. Ask whether pulmonary rehabilitation is available and suitable. Your care team can advise on vaccinations, eating well and managing anxiety linked to breathing problems.

If you smoke, stopping is one of the most effective steps to prevent further damage. Ask your GP or pharmacist about local stop-smoking services and suitable treatment. Support can help even after many years of smoking.